Cranial nerves
Twelve nerve pairs, called cranial nerves, project from the brain.
Each nerve has a specific name and is designated by a Roman numeral.
Names of cranial nerves
1. Olfactory nerve
2. Optic nerve
3. Oculomotor nerve
4. Trochlear nerve
5. Trigeminal nerve
6. Abducent nerve
7. Facial nerve
8. Vestibulocochlear nerve
9. Glossopharyngeal nerve
10. Vagus nerve
11. Accessory nerve
12. Hypoglossal nerve
Classification of cranial nerves
Sensory cranial nerves: contain only afferent (sensory) fibers
1- Olfactory nerve
2- Optic nerve
8- Vestibulocochlear nerve
Motor cranial nerves: contain only efferent (motor) fibers
3- Oculomotor nerve
4- Trochlear nerve
6- Abducent nerve
11- Accessory nerve
12- Hypoglossal nerve
Mixed nerves: contain both sensory and motor fibers---
5- Trigeminal nerve,
7- Facial nerve,
9- Glossopharyngeal nerve
10- Vagus nerve
local Complications Due to solution
1- infection
2- local tissue irritation
3- pain on injection
local Complications Due to Needle insertions
1- pain on injection.
2- Needle breakage.
3- infection.
4- edema .
5- hematoma.
6- trismus.
7- facial nerve paralysis.
8- soft tissue injury ‘’ sloughing of issue “.
9- post-anesthetic intra-oral lesions.
10- prolonged anesthesia or paresthesia .
systemic Complications in Local Anesthesia
1- Over-dose
2- Epinephrine over-dose
3- Allergy
4- idiosyncrasy
5- fainting “vasovagal attack, syncope ”
Causes
Vasovagal syncope occurs when the part of your nervous system that regulates heart rate and blood pressure malfunctions in response to a
trigger, such as the sight of blood.
Your heart rate slows, and the blood vessels in your legs widen (dilate.)
This allows blood to pool in your legs, which lowers your blood pressure.
Combined, the drop in blood pressure and slowed heart rate quickly reduce blood flow to your brain, and you faint.
Sometimes there is no classical vasovagal syncope trigger, but common triggers include:
